| J Korean Dent Assoc > Volume 64(8); 2026 > Article |
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| Category | Reference | Subjects | Main findings | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| National estimates | WHO [7] | DPRK, national-level estimates | Untreated caries in primary teeth (1-9 yr) 46.8%; untreated caries in permanent teeth (≥ 5 yr) 26.2%; severe periodontitis (≥ 15 yr) 9.8%; edentulism (≥ 20 yr) 5.2%; 5,595 dentists (2.2 per 10,000) | Background data at the national level |
| Caries, Wonsan | Goe et al. [11] | 854 primary-school children | Caries-free 29.9%; mild 37.0%; severe 33.1%; overall 70.1%; daily brushing 98.5%; dental visit within 1 yr 71.2% | High caries burden despite favorable self-reported behavior |
| Prevention, Pyongyang | Tarvonen et al. [12] | 500 children in COHPP, 6-yr follow-up | Decrease in prevalence and mean of dt + DT in both intervention groups, mainly from dt | Feasibility of school- and kindergarten-based prevention |
| Habits and caries | Tarvonen et al. [13] | 492 children aged 10 and 13 yr | Sweet snacking associated with caries (p = 0.011); brushing frequency not (p = 0.725) | Importance of controlling sugar intake |
| Caries experience | Lee et al. [14], Lee [15] | 984 refugees at Hanawon (mean 33.3 yr) | DMFT/MT: 4.06/2.79 (40-49 yr), 6.43/4.55 (50-59 yr), 10.75/7.88 (60-69 yr); MT accounted for 58.84% of DMFT in those aged ≥ 19 yr; low FT across ages | Higher proportion of missing teeth in older age groups; low restorative care |
| Children, comparison | Lee [15] | 13 refugees aged 12-14 yr vs South Korean children | D rate 38.46% vs 6.9%; DT 0.92 vs 0.11; FT 0.23 vs 1.73 | Same untreated-caries pattern despite small sample |
| Alveolar bone loss (person-level) | Lee and Lee [16] | 984 refugees at Hanawon; unit of analysis: person | No resorption 18.9%; ≤ 1/3 in any tooth 68.2%; 1/3-2/3 22.2%; ≥ 2/3 4.8%; no resorption in 25.2% of men vs 10.1% of women | Extensive periodontal damage despite young mean age |
| Periodontal status (tooth-level) | Lee [17] | 31,424 teeth from 982 refugees; unit of analysis: tooth | No bone loss 54.0%; < 1/3 39.9%; 1/3-2/3 5.7%; ≥ 2/3 0.3%; overall prevalence per person 81.1% vs 23.4% in South Korea | Periodontal contribution to tooth loss should be considered |
| OHRQoL | Jeon [18] | 110 women aged ≥ 20 yr | Model with age, DMFT, and CPITN explained 55% of OHIP (R² = 0.55, n = 109); age and DMFT were significant, CPITN was not | Extension of the problem to quality of life |
| Children of refugee families | Kim and Choi [19] | 154 refugee-family vs 154 matched South Korean children | Caries OR 2.68; dft 3.82 vs 2.29; DT/dt 2.50 vs 0.18; unmet dental care 21.4% vs 4.0%; 55.3% born in China | Marked untreated caries and access problems |
| Oral hygiene in children | Kim and Choi [20] | 88 children of refugee families | Very poor PHP in 79.5%; lower PHP in those examined within the past year (3.55 vs 4.26, p = 0.022) | Association between check-up experience and better oral hygiene |
COHPP: Children's Oral Health Promotion Programme, CPITN: community periodontal index of treatment needs, DMFT: decayed, missing, and filled teeth, dft: decayed and filled primary teeth, DT/dt: decayed teeth, FT/ft: filled teeth, MT: missing teeth, OHIP: oral health impact profile, OHRQoL: oral health-related quality of life, OR: odds ratio, PHP: patient hygiene performance, WHO: World Health Organization
| Topic | Reference | Subjects and methods | Main findings | Policy implications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral health literacy | Cho et al. [21] | 123 refugees at a free dental clinic; TOKFHLiD and questionnaire | Mean literacy 44/72; positive correlation with behavior (r = 0.526, p <0.001); functional literacy significantly associated (standardized β = 0.20, 95% CI 0.01-0.43) | Education focused on functional literacy |
| Service experience in North Korea | Kim et al. [22] | 111 refugees at Hanawon | Brushing instruction associated with brushing after lunch (χ² = 5.520, p = 0.019); examination and scaling associated with use of mouth rinse | Assess prior service experience at initial screening |
| Improvement needs | Park and Han [23] | 133 open-ended responses from 200 refugees; Word2Vec analysis | "Cost" the most frequent keyword (77 times), linked with "burden," "expensive," "implant"; "explanation" linked with "understanding," "cannot," "lack" | Combine financial support with comprehensible counseling |
| Health-care utilization | Han et al. [24] | Mixed-methods study | Barriers arising from prior experience of free care and adaptation to the South Korean system | Interpret economic, institutional, and communication barriers together |
| Tailored promotion program | Jeon and Lee [28] | 129 refugees (64 intervention, 65 control); PRECEDE-PROCEED model | Improvement in beliefs, knowledge, behavior, O'Leary index, and CPI | Culturally tailored intervention is effective |
| Education program development | Jeong [29] | Program development with expert interviews | Need for North Korean vernacular, motivation strategies, systemic-oral health linkage, community application | Develop tailored educational materials |
| System and settlement context | KOFIH [2], Korea Hana Foundation [25,26], NHRCK [27] | Reports on the health-care system, settlement, and health rights | Principles of free care and preventive medicine; settlement and social integration problems; restricted access to data | Link with health rights and social integration |
| Inter-Korean cooperation | Shin et al. [6], Han et al. [8], Ahn et al. [9] | Dental education, NGO exchange, use of dental hygienists | Differences in education and licensing; role of NGOs; need for infrastructure and workforce cooperation | Cooperation covering prevention, education, surveys, and auxiliary personnel |
Yong-Seung Kim
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0928-572X
Hoon Myoung
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9984-8479